From Lake Tahoe to Colorado, climate changes affecting trees, streams

SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — Around the same time the American West started heating up five years ago, Colorado started losing its lodgepole pine forests to a beetle infestation.

“The population built up rapidly and exploded. It takes out the mature trees,” said Ingrid Aguayo, an entomologist for the Colorado State Forest Service, which estimates that about 60 percent of the lodgepole pines have turned red and brown.

“Now we’re seeing a new carpet of forest coming up,” she said.

Scientists can’t be certain global warming is to blame, but the evidence is damning. Now, a new calculation of government temperature data shows that over the past five years, average annual temperatures in the Colorado River basin — the heart of the West — have risen by 2.2 degrees, or about twice as fast as the global rate.

The report is from the Rocky Mountain Climate Organization, a coalition of local governments, businesses and others working to protect the climate, and the advocacy group Natural Resources Defense Council. It says the West is heating up faster than any other region in the continental U.S. with more catastrophic wildfires among the consequences.

'Already begun'

“It’s already begun. We are already seeing the effects, and scientists are telling us it’s going to get markedly worse,” said Stephen Saunders, the organization’s president in Louisville, Colo.

Climate change researchers are hesitant to ascribe a single cause for the warming, but they agree it’s happening.

“By and large, there is a very detectable warming in this region,” said Martin Hoerling, a meteorologist at the NOAA-funded Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colo. His own research suggests the West could heat up a lot more, possibly by 5 degrees by the midpoint of the century, depending on the level of greenhouse-gas emissions.

The report, “Hotter and Drier: The West’s Changed Climate,” crunched numbers kept by NOAA’s Western Regional Climate Center in Reno, Nev.

“That sounds about right,” the center’s acting director, Kelly T. Redmond, said.

“It’s been warming in this region for the past 35 years, after a cool period in the 1970s. We’ve been decidedly above average. You could put an exclamation on it,” he said.

Redmond has made calculations similar to the report’s 2.2-degree rise, which has meant fewer subzero nights to control the population of mountain pine beetles devastating Colorado’s lodgepole pines.

At first, he said, “I didn’t know whether to trust these numbers or not.” They came from a network of about 2,000 thermometers across the West — from airports to weather hobbyists’ backyards — recording lows and highs since the late 1800s.

But other recent patterns — earlier snowmelt in spring, earlier lilac and honeysuckle blooms — convinced Redmond the recordings were accurate.

“In 100 years, this is the largest change we’ve seen, so it catches your attention,” he said. “We can’t definitely attribute it to human causes, but my suspicion is at least part of it is due to climate change.”

The West also is in the grip of a decade-long drought, which tends to raise temperatures, said Hoerling, who likewise is hesitant to attribute the warming of the West solely on carbon emissions. He believes cyclical changes in sea-surface temperatures also are to blame.

The consequences, though, are plain to see. In Yellowstone National Park, aerial photographs show vast orange-needled forests of whitebark pine that were green just three years ago. Yellowstone grizzly bears depend heavily on the fatty seeds of the whitebark pine for food. Colorado’s signature aspen stands also are drying up, leaving them vulnerable to fungus.

The Rocky Mountain snowpacks that melt earlier in spring leave less water for summer irrigation and heat up trout streams. Glaciers, which provide consistent stream flows during summer, are melting. The glaciers at Montana’s Glacier National Park could melt entirely by 2022, U.S. Geological Survey researchers have calculated.

Montana, Idaho and Wyoming had their hottest Julys on record last summer, while Phoenix had 47 days of 109 degrees or hotter, according to the National Weather Service.

Powell and Mead reservoirs, meanwhile, are half-empty. The reservoirs collect water from the Colorado River, supplying much of the booming Southwest. If they keep drying up, it could shred the Colorado River Compact of 1922, an agreement that allocates fixed amounts of water among seven states.

The upper basin states have the water, but lower basin states including California have senior water rights — a crisis in the making, said Bradley H. Udall, director of the Western Water Assessment Cooperative at the University of Colorado.

“There’s an old saying, ’I’d rather be upstream with a shovel and a ditch that downstream with a decree,”’ he said.

Lake Tahoe warming threatens ecosystem and clarity, scientists say A new study predicts water circulation in Lake Tahoe is being dramatically altered by global warming, threatening the lake’s delicate ecosystem and famed clear waters. The University of California, Davis study said one likely consequence is warmer lake temperatures that will mean fewer cold-water native fish and more invasive species — like carp, large-mouth bass and bluegill. “What we expect is that deep mixing of Lake Tahoe’s water layers will become less frequent, even nonexistent, depleting the bottom waters of oxygen,” said Geoffrey Schladow, director of the Tahoe Environmental Research Center at U.S. Davis. Schladow, Associate Director John Reuter and postdoctoral researcher Goloka Sahoo presented the findings last week in Incline Village at a conference focusing on global warming and deep-water lakes. The changes, the study concluded, could turn Tahoe’s famed cobalt-blue waters to a murky green in about a decade. “A permanently stratified Lake Tahoe becomes just like any other lake or pond,” Schladow said. “It is no longer this unique, effervescent jewel, the finest example of nature’s grandeur.” Schladow said researchers are trying to determine if lowered global greenhouse-gas emissions would significantly slow the lake’s decline or possibly prevent it. On average, water in Lake Tahoe — at 1,644 feet deep — mixes every four years, the researchers said. The water circulation brings nutrients from the bottom to the surface where they promote algae growth. Oxygen from the surface, meanwhile, is spread through the lake and supports aquatic life. The new study showed that, if global greenhouse-gas emissions continue at current levels, mixing could become less frequent and less deep, and possibly stop as early as 2019. “While we expected that the lake would mix less in the future, learning that we may be only a decade or two from the complete shutdown of deep mixing was very surprising.” Schladow said. “If mixing shuts down, then no new oxygen gets to the bottom of the lake, and creatures that need it, such as lake trout, will have a large part of their range excluded,” Schladow said. When the oxygen is gone, the study said phosphorus contained in lake-floor sediments would be released and spur algae growth, further damaging the lake’s clarity and water quality. --- On the Net: Tahoe Environmental Research Center: http://terc.ucdavis.edu/ — The Associated Press